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The Awa'uq Massacre〔Sven Haakanson, Jr. (2010), (Written Voices Become History ). In ''Being and Becoming Indigenous Archaeologists''. George Nicholas (editor). Left Coast press, Inc., 2010〕〔(Afognak Village Timeline )〕 or Refuge Rock Massacre,〔 or the Wounded Knee of Alaska〔John Enders (1992), (Archaeologist May Have Found Site Of Alaska Massacre ), ''The Seattle Times'', Sunday, August 16, 1992〕 was an attack and massacre by Russian fur trader Grigory Shelikhov and 130 Russian armed men and cannoneers of Shelikhov-Golikov Company against the ''Qik’rtarmiut Sugpiat'' tribe of Koniag Alutiiq (Sugpiaq) people of Kodiak Island in 1784 in Russian-controlled Alaska. It occurred on the secluded stack island Refuge Rock (''Awa'uq'' in Alutiiq language) of Partition Cove on Sitkalidak Island, near and across Old Harbor, in the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska.〔Gordon L. Pullar, (Ethnographie historique des villages sugpiat de Kodiak à la fin du XIXe siècle ). In ''Giinaquq = Like a Face : Sugpiaq masks of the Kodiak archipelago'' (editors: Sven Haakanson Jr. and Amy Steffian), 2009 University of Alaska Press. 〕 The Russian ''promyshlennikis'' slaughtered 500〔Korry Keeker, (What it means to be Alutiiq / State museum exhibit examines Kodiak-area Native culture ), Friday, April 25, 2003〕 men, women and children on Refuge Rock, though some sources state the number was 2000,〔Ben Fitzhugh (2003), (The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: archaeological evidence from the North Pacific ), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003〕 or between 2,500–3,000.〔〔Reuters : (Grounded Shell Oil Rig Off Alaska Coast Still Has No Flooding Or Sheening, Despite Damage ). By Yereth Rosen (January 3, 2013, Anchorage)〕 Following the attack of Awa'uq, Shelikhov claims to have captured over 1000 people, detaining 400 as hostages.〔 There were no Russian casualties.〔 This massacre was an isolated incident, and the Alutiiq were completely subjugated by Russian traders thereafter.〔Aron L. Crowell (2001), ''Looking Both Ways, Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People''. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2001〕 One interpreter, ''Qaspeq'' (literally: "kuspuk"), was an Alutiiq (Sugpiaq) who had been taken as a war captive from Kodiak as a child and raised in servitude in the Aleutians. Qaspeq had once betrayed the location of a refuge island just offshore of Unalaska Island.〔Richard A. Knecht, Sven Haakanson, and Shawn Dickson (2002). "(Awa'uq: discovery and excavation of an 18th century Alutiiq refuge rock in the Kodiak Archipelago Awa'uq: discovery and excavation of an 18th century Alutiiq refuge rock in the Kodiak Archipelago )". In ''To the Aleutians and Beyond'':, Bruno Frohlich, Albert S. Harper, and Rolf Gilberg, editors, Pp. 177-191. Publications of the National Museum Ethnographical Series, Vol. 20. Department of Ethnography, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. the Anthropology of William S. Laughlin. 〕 The years 1784–1818, called the "darkest period of Sugpiaq history," ended with a change in the management of the Russian-American Company.〔Lydia T. Black (1992), "The Russian Conquest of Kodiak." In: ''Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska''. Vol. 24, Numbers 1-2. Fall. Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks〕 Over a half century later, an old Sugpiaq (Koniag Alutiiq) man, Arsenti Aminak, reported his own recollections of the same events to a Finnish naturalist and ethnographer Henrik Johan Holmberg or Heinrich Johann Holmberg (1818–1864) collecting data for the Russian governor of Alaska. ''Arsenti Aminak'' (his memory of Russian conquest at Awa’uq that Aminak survived as a young boy〔Drabek, Alisha Susana 2012. (''Liitukut Sugpiat’stun (we are learning how to be real people): Exploring Kodiak Alutiiq literature through core values'' ). A thesis Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Fairbanks, Alaska, December 2012.〕) said: Native population of Southwestern Alaska,1741 to 1834 (Based on estimates and Russian-American Company censuses) 〔(Russian American Reader )〕 In 1827 collection of yasak (ясак) tax banned by Catherine the Great.〔 Fur harvests of Shelikhov-Golikov and Russian-American Company 〔 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Awa'uq Massacre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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